**Review** Undergraduate Catalog 2025-2026

BIO 448 Pathobiology

Causes and mechanisms of disease at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. Cellular homeostasis and adaptive mechanisms, histopathology, toxins/toxicants, infectious disease, senescence, and target tissues.

Credits

3

Offered

Generally offered Fall Even Years

Prerequisite

(BIO 220 with a minimum grade of D-) and (BIO 341 or BIO 541 with a minimum grade of D-) and (BIO 350 or BIO 552 or BIO 553) with a minimum grade of D-)

Mutually Exclusive Course

Credit allowed for only one of these courses: BIO 448 and BIO 578

Course Fee

Differential Tuition Required